Study overview
Overview
- Study title
- Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) Study
- Participants enrolled
- 5,340
- Lead institute
- Imperial College London (ICL)
- Principal investigator (PI)
- Andre F S Amaral (ICL)
- Principal investigator profile
- Open profile
- Study design
- Longitudinal
- Location
- Kashmir, Mumbai, Pune & Mysore
- Single / multiple sites
- Multiple Sites
- Key highlights
- The BOLD study standardized COPD assessment across 41 global sites, identifying tobacco smoking, poverty, and tuberculosis as the primary drivers of airflow obstruction rather than ambient pollution or solid fuel use. It also revealed a high prevalence of low lung volumes in low-income regions, which is significantly associated with cardiometabolic diseases like hypertension and diabetes. This massive investigation provides a robust global reference for understanding the prevalence and etiology of chronic respiratory diseases.
- Reference paper 1
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyad146
Insights & criteria
Insights
- Inclusion criteria
- Non Institutionalized Adult or Site with general Population of 150000 inhabitants
- Socio‑demographic / economic
- HIC, MIC and LIC
- Recruitment and timeline
- 2003-2016
- Follow‑up
- Follow-up 2019-2021 (18 Sites)
- Keywords
- Respiratory, Non-Communicable Disease,
Details
Details
- Age group
- ≥40 years
- Gender
- Men & Women
- Scope
- International
- Category
- Disease-Specific Cohort